To determine which parts of an IP address are the network bits, and which are host bits, a subnet mask is used. Host - the host identifier of the device for the network.Network - the network the IP address belongs to.Each octet is 8 bits i.e one byte.Įach address is made up of 2 identifiers (shown below): AddressingĪn IP address (in the case of v4) is built upon 32-bits, expressed in four numbers known as octets. Each host is assigned an IP address which is used to ensure that traffic is sent to the correct destination, synonymous in many ways to a postal address that we place on a letter. IP enables communication between hosts by carrying data within packets. IP is a connectionless protocol that operates at the network layer of the OSI model. Note: The scope of this document covers IPv4 subnetting only. Before we dive into subnetting we will look into the structure of an IP address, along with some of the key IP schemes that assist in modern day IP subnetting. Like Class D, this class too is not equipped with any subnet mask.Within this tutorial, we will provide a beginner’s guide to subnetting. This IP Class is reserved for experimental purposes only for R&D or Study. In multicasting data is not destined for a particular host, that is why there is no need to extract host address from the IP address, and Class D does not have any subnet mask. Very first four bits of the first octet in Class D IP addresses are set to 1110, giving a range of −Ĭlass D has IP address range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The default subnet mask for Class C is .Ĭlass C gives 2097152 (2 21) Network addresses and 254 (2 8-2) Host addresses.Ĭlass C IP address format is: 110. The first octet of Class C IP address has its first 3 bits set to 110, that is −Ĭlass C IP addresses range from 192.0.0.x to. The default subnet mask for Class B is .x.Ĭlass B has 16384 (2 14) Network addresses and 65534 (2 16-2) Host addresses.Ĭlass B IP address format is: 10 NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN. Class B AddressĪn IP address which belongs to class B has the first two bits in the first octet set to 10, i.e.Ĭlass B IP Addresses range from 128.0.x.x to .x. The default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 255.0.0.0 which implies that Class A addressing can have 126 networks (2 7-2) and 16777214 hosts (2 24-2).Ĭlass A IP address format is thus: 0 NNNNNNN. The IP range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback IP addresses. Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127, i.e.Ĭlass A addresses only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x only. The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (zero). the first IP of a network is network number and the last IP is reserved for Broadcast IP. When calculating hosts' IP addresses, 2 IP addresses are decreased because they cannot be assigned to hosts, i.e. The number of networks and the number of hosts per class can be derived by this formula − The octets numbered as follows depicting dotted decimal notation of IP Address − The first octet referred here is the left most of all. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is responsible for assigning IP addresses. All the five classes are identified by the first octet of IP Address. Broadly, the IPv4 Addressing system is divided into five classes of IP Addresses. Internet Protocol hierarchy contains several classes of IP Addresses to be used efficiently in various situations as per the requirement of hosts per network.
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